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Irrigation is the process of applying water to soil to supplement natural precipitation, creating an environment that is optimal for crop production. Efficiently irrigated plants typically produce significantly higher yields than non-irrigated plants.

Irrigation plays a key role in supporting plant growth, preserving landscapes, and facilitating the revegetation of degraded soils in arid regions or during periods of insufficient rainfall. Additionally, it offers several other agricultural benefits, including protecting plants from frost, reducing weed growth in grain fields, and preventing soil compaction. In contrast, farming that relies solely on natural rainfall is known as rain-fed or dryland farming.

Irrigation engineering involves the technical analysis and design of irrigation systems, which include dams, weirs, barrages, canals, drains, and other associated infrastructure. A solid understanding of hydraulics is essential for designing effective and efficient irrigation systems.

Various irrigation methods are used depending on the type of crop, soil, and environmental conditions. These methods include surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, and other specialized techniques tailored to optimize water usage and enhance agricultural productivity.